Abstract

This paper investigates the link between bank-firm lending relationships and
monetary policy pass-through, focusing on episodes of low interest rates. Using
administrative tax and bank supervisory data ranging from 1997 to 2019,
we track the entirety of bank-firm relationships in Norway. Our analysis shows
that when the central bank’s policy rate is relatively low, firms that have maintained
a long-term relationship with their bank experience a lower pass-through
of further policy rate cuts. Specifically, we find that when the policy rate is
1.09%, each additional year of relationship decreases the pass-through of a rate
cut by 2.7 percentage points. We propose a theoretical model to rationalize our
empirical findings, where state-dependent differential pass-through results from
the presence of firms’ switching costs and banks’ leverage constraint. The model
highlights that the composition of relationship lengths in the economy matters for
aggregate monetary policy pass-through. The proportion of long-term relationships
in the Norwegian economy significantly increased after the global financial
crisis. Using the model, we calculate a counterfactual aggregate pass-through for
2017, a period of monetary easing in a low-rate environment, assuming this proportion
had remained at its pre-crisis level. Our findings indicate a substantial
increase in aggregate pass-through, on the order of 20%.